EV charging: the difference between AC and DC

The two electric vehicle charging technologies are alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC). The ChargeNet network is made up of both AC and DC chargers, so it is important to understand the difference between these two technologies.

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Alternating current (AC) charging is slower, much like charging at home. AC chargers are generally found in the home, workplace settings, or public locations and will charge an EV at levels from 7.2kW to 22kW. Our AC chargers support the Type 2 charging protocol. These are BYO cables, (untethered). You’ll often find these stations in a carpark or workplace where you can park for at least an hour.

DC (direct current), often referred to as fast or rapid chargers, means much higher power outputs, which equates to much faster charging. DC chargers are bigger, faster, and an exciting breakthrough when it comes to EVs. Ranging from 22kW – 300kW, the latter adding up to 400km in 15 minutes for supported vehicles*. Our DC rapid charging stations support both CHAdeMO and CCS-2 charging protocols. These always have a cable attached (tethered), which you plug directly into your car.

Our DC rapid chargers keep you moving when you are travelling intercity or exceeding your daily range locally. Learn more about how long it might take to charge your EV.

If you're an electric vehicle owner, you've probably encountered the terms AC vs DC charging. But how do they affect your EV? In this edition of our HiveHelp Newsletter, we aim to clarify the fundamental disparities between AC and DC chargers, helping you determine which method is faster and better suited for your car.

Difference #1: Power Conversion Location

AC and DC chargers utilise different electricity transmitters. While the electricity grid provides Alternating Current (AC), electric car batteries accept only Direct Current (DC). The crucial distinction lies in where the power gets converted. DC chargers have a built-in converter within the charging station. This makes them faster than AC chargers, where the conversion occurs inside the car using an onboard charger. For this reason, DC chargers are more expensive to buy, install, and operate. DC chargers will almost always be located in public thoroughfares or large business complexes, give their fast charging speeds and stationary nature.

Difference #2: Home Charging with AC Chargers

While it's technically possible to install a DC charger at home, it is not recommended due to several factors. DC chargers are more expensive, bulkier, and require a high-power connection to the grid. As such, AC chargers are a better choice for home installations, while DC charging points are commonly found along highways. In addition, DC chargers are designed for commercial and industrial settings with high-power requirements and expenses. 

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Difference #3: Mobility with AC Chargers

AC chargers are more suitable for mobile use for two primary reasons. Firstly, DC chargers are heavy and stationary due to their power converter. Secondly, they require high-voltage inputs, which are often unavailable in many places. Public EV charging stations mostly offer AC charging, whereas DC chargers are prevalent along highways. AC is always suited for on-the-go charging.

Difference #4: Charging Speed

The presence of a converter inside DC chargers allows them to bypass the car's onboard charger, resulting in faster charging times. Charging with direct current can be ten or more times quicker than using alternating current, making DC charging the speedier option. The voltage used for DC chargers is also much higher than that of AC chargers, resulting in a much higher flow of power.

Difference #5: Charging Curve Shape

AC and DC charging also exhibit different charging curve shapes. AC charging provides a constant power flow due to the limited power of the onboard charger. In contrast, DC charging presents a degrading charging curve, where energy flow decreases as the battery nears its maximum capacity.

Difference #6: Charging Impact on Battery Health

Continuous use of DC chargers can potentially impair battery performance and durability due to excessive heat generation and AC voltage fluctuations. Studies suggest that electric cars using rapid DC charging frequently may experience up to 10% more battery degradation compared to those relying on AC chargers. DC fast charging will does affect your battery's performance in the long run, however, technological improvements in battery development are helping to substantially reduce this impact.

Difference #7: Cost Comparison

AC chargers are more cost-effective than DC chargers. DC chargers have higher upfront and installation costs, making them more expensive to use. While DC charging is ideal for urgent situations, AC charging is cheaper but takes longer. Home charging remains the most economical option, making investing in a personal charging station a wallet-friendly solution.

Understanding the key differences between AC and DC charging is vital for electric vehicle owners. While DC charging offers faster charging times, it may impact battery health if used extensively. In contrast, AC charging is more cost-effective and suitable for home installations. Considering your driving habits and charging needs will help you determine the best charging option for your electric vehicle.

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