Plug and Transplant Production for Organic Systems

Plug and Transplant Production for Organic Systems

By Lane Greer, updated by Katherine L. Adam, NCAT Agriculture Specialists

Abstract

Due to the limited availability of organic plugs from large commercial suppliers, growers are often required to produce their own or source them locally. This publication provides detailed guidance on raising both vegetable and ornamental plugs and transplants, focusing specifically on organic production methods in compliance with the National Organic Program's Final Rule. Although much of the referenced research pertains to ornamental plants, the insights are equally relevant for vegetable cultivation.

Introduction

The conventional process of raising seedlings involves sprouting seeds in trays before transplanting these delicate plants into larger containers, which is labor-intensive and can lead to significant mortality due to transplant shock and root loss. Over the years, the practice of seed germination has shifted predominantly to using plug trays, as evidenced by the fact that by 1990, 81% of annual seedlings were produced as plugs. A plug is a compact, containerized transplant with a self-contained root system. The advantages of plug production include reduced labor and time for transplanting, minimized root loss, and enhanced uniformity and growth rates. However, growing plugs necessitates greater attention to scheduling and cultural practices, alongside a requirement for skilled labor.

Deciding between growing plugs from seed or purchasing them involves weighing various factors, including production speed, greenhouse space utilization, species selection, and market dynamics. While larger growers might find producing their own plugs economically viable, many smaller operations, particularly novices, often benefit more from purchasing plugs from specialized suppliers.

Commercial Suppliers of Organic Plugs

Mountain Valley Growers, Inc.
Supplies a broad range of 128 types of ornamental and culinary herb plugs, alongside certified organic seeds. Orders can be placed online, as their nursery is not open to the public.

Greystone Gardens
Greystone Gardens began offering certified organic vegetable and flower plugs after extensive research into organic plug production, employing a significant greenhouse space to cultivate a variety of plugs.

Patchwork Farm and Greenhouse
Has been operational for several years and is a member of Slow Food of Central Pennsylvania, enriching their product offerings with unique and specialty plugs.

The fundamental factors to consider in plug production include:

• Container size and type
• Growing media
• Seeding techniques and germination conditions
• Nutrition management
• Temperature control
• Watering practices
• Lighting and growth regulation
• Scheduling procedures for holding plugs
• Pest management strategies

In-depth information regarding these key considerations can be found in the book Plug and Transplant Production by Drs. Roger Styer and David Koranski, which serves as an invaluable resource for anyone serious about plug production.

Containers

The production of plugs typically involves using multi-cell plastic trays, known as flats, which come in various sizes, accommodating between 50 to 800 cells per tray. The selection of a tray depends on the species and the targeted growth duration. Rigid foam trays and soil-block systems represent alternative options for growers seeking to optimize their production methods.

Media

Organic production emphasizes using high-quality growing media to promote plant health and minimize disease risks. A majority of organic producers prefer a soilless growing mix since it reduces the potential for soil-borne diseases. Suppliers of plug trays and other critical inputs for plug production can be found through various industry channels.

Nutrition: Organic Fertilizers for Container Systems

Effective fertilization can be achieved through different methods, including incorporation into the growth mix and top-dressing. Organic sources of nutrients can be integrated into the growing media to enhance plant growth and ensure optimal nutrition for seedlings.

Irrigation

Attentive irrigation practices are vital for the success of plug and transplant production. Controlling water stress is crucial to avoid detrimental effects on plant development, with various methods available from hand watering to automated systems.

Pest Management

Managing pests organically remains a continual effort, requiring updated techniques and strategies to maintain healthy production. Comprehensive resources are available to aid in the development of effective Integrated Pest Management (IPM) protocols.

For those interested in boosting their production capabilities, specifications related to the plug making machine, a tool indispensable for the manufacturing of organic plugs, can be explored as an option that significantly enhances the efficiency and consistency of plug production.

Contact us to discuss your requirements of 400 t injection molding machine. Our experienced sales team can help you identify the options that best suit your needs.