The Basics and Benefits of Electromechanical Actuators

Electromechanical actuators are mechanical actuators where the control knob or handle has been replaced by an electric motor. The rotary motion of the motor is converted into linear displacement. The principle operation in most electromechanical actuators is based on the inclined plane concept. The threads of the lead screw are used as a ramp that converts the small rotational force by magnifying it over a long distance. This enables a large load to be moved over a small distance.

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The simplified design of the motor motion is mechanically converted into linear displacement. Variations on electromechanical actuators have been devised to achieve higher mechanical efficiency, speed operation, and increase load capacity. Designs will differ from manufacturer to manufacturer, but in most designs the lead screw and the nut are incorporated into the motion.

The common design of the traveling screw actuator is where the lead screw passes through the motor. The lead screw is fixed and non-rotating, making the only moving part the lead nut. It is rotated by the motor, and the lead screw can extend outbound or retract inwards. The motor moves up and down while the lead screw remains fixed. The motor is the only remaining rotating part.

There are different designs that have multiple starts with alternating threads on the same shaft. They start on the lead screw and provide a higher adjustment capability between the starts and the nut thread area of contact, influencing the extension speed and load capacity of the threads. The lead screw determines the direction of the motion of the nut, and linear displacement is attained by connecting the linkages to the nut.

In most cases, the screw is connected to a motor or manual control knob. Other designs use a ball screw and ball nut, or have the screw connected to the motor directly via gears. The gears help to transmit the low power motion at a high revolution per minute (RPM) through the gears to magnify its torque. This is done so it can handle the weight exerted on the screw, preventing the motor from engaging the heavy load directly.

A valve actuator is defined as a mechanism that opens and closes a valve. By definition it seems simple but in reality there is nothing simple about them.

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There are two basic valve operating designs, linear and rotary. Therefore, basic actuator designs are linear, rotary and sometimes rotary linear. Typically, rotary operated design valves provide the best overall value in valve automation.

Valves that need to be opened, closed or throttled frequently are popular candidates for pairing with an actuator. Actuators are attached or built into a valve body to automatically adjust the flow of fluids, gases, steam, solids or slurries through a valve.

There are many things to consider before selecting the ideal one. First, there are several types of actuators, pneumatic, electric, water hydraulic, oil hydraulic and self-contained electro-hydraulic (oil). The two most often used types of actuators are pneumatic (air) and electric. These technologies are very different and understanding the benefits and limitations of each one is critical.

In general, it important to consider the application, location and intended functionality. Throughout this article we explore the benefits of the two most popular actuator types: pneumatic and electric.

Pneumatic Actuators

Pneumatic actuators typically provide high force and speed in a smaller footprint depending on available air pressure supply than electric actuators. The force and speed of these actuators are semi-independent from each other, the greater the force required, the larger the actuator size and therefore, they have slower operating speed ranges. These ranges are adjustable with air throttling mechanisms to accommodate different speed requirements.

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