Typhoid fever - Symptoms & causes

Typhoid fever, also called enteric fever, is caused by salmonella bacteria. Typhoid fever is rare in places where few people carry the bacteria. It also is rare where water is treated to kill germs and where human waste disposal is managed. One example of where typhoid fever is rare is the United States. Places with the highest number of cases or with regular outbreaks are in Africa and South Asia. It is a serious health threat, especially for children, in places where it is more common.

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Food and water with the bacteria in it cause typhoid fever. Close contact with a person who is carrying the salmonella bacteria also can cause typhoid fever. Symptoms include:

• High fever.
• Headache.
• Stomach pain.
• Constipation or diarrhea.

Most people who have typhoid fever feel better about a week after they start treatment to kill bacteria, called antibiotics. But without treatment, there is a small chance of death from typhoid fever complications. Vaccines against typhoid fever can provide some protection. But they can't protect against all cases of illness caused by other strains of salmonella. Vaccines can help lower risk of getting typhoid fever.

What is typhoid fever?

Typhoid fever is an illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi). It infects your small intestines (gut) and causes high fever, stomach pain and other symptoms. Typhoid fever is also called enteric fever.

You&#;ll commonly hear paratyphoid fever mentioned along with typhoid. Paratyphoid fever is similar to typhoid with more mild symptoms. It&#;s caused by Salmonella Paratyphi (S. Paratyphi).

S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi are different than the Salmonella bacteria that cause salmonellosis, a common type of food poisoning.

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Who does typhoid fever affect?

Typhoid fever is most common in rural areas of developing countries where there isn&#;t modern sanitation. Countries in South and Southeast Asia, Central and South America, Africa and the Caribbean are most affected by typhoid. Travelers are most at risk when visiting Pakistan, India or Bangladesh.

Children are more likely to get typhoid than adults.

How common is typhoid fever?

It&#;s estimated that 11 million to 21 million people around the world get typhoid each year. It&#;s rare in the U.S., Canada, Japan, Western Europe and Australia.

What&#;s a long-term carrier of typhoid fever?

Some people continue to be contagious with typhoid fever even after they&#;ve recovered (long-term carrier). You can spread typhoid for a year or more with no symptoms. It&#;s important to get tested for S. Typhi after you feel better to make sure you can&#;t spread it to other people.

What&#;s the difference between typhoid and typhus?

While the names sound the same, typhoid and typhus are different illnesses, caused by different bacteria. The symptoms are similar &#; so much so that doctors used to think they were the same illness. We now know they&#;re different illnesses, but the similar name stuck (and so did the confusion it causes).

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