What is a place where beer is made commercially?

Business that makes and sells beer

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Kettles in a modern Trappist brewery

A brewery or brewing company is a business that makes and sells beer. The place at which beer is commercially made is either called a brewery or a beerhouse, where distinct sets of brewing equipment are called plant.[1] The commercial brewing of beer has taken place since at least BC;[2] in ancient Mesopotamia, brewers derived social sanction and divine protection from the goddess Ninkasi.[3][4] Brewing was initially a cottage industry, with production taking place at home; by the ninth century, monasteries and farms would produce beer on a larger scale, selling the excess; and by the eleventh and twelfth centuries larger, dedicated breweries with eight to ten workers were being built.[5]

The diversity of size in breweries is matched by the diversity of processes, degrees of automation, and kinds of beer produced in breweries. A brewery is typically divided into distinct sections, with each section reserved for one part of the brewing process.

History

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The Alulu beer receipt records a purchase of "best" beer from an ancient Sumerian brewery, c. BC

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Beer may have been known in Neolithic Europe[6] and was mainly brewed on a domestic scale.[7] In some form, it can be traced back almost years to Mesopotamian writings describing daily rations of beer and bread to workers. Before the rise of production breweries, the production of beer took place at home and was the domain of women, as baking and brewing were seen as "women's work".

Industrialization

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19th century brewery installations The machine room of the former brewery Wielemans-Ceuppens in Brussels

Breweries, as production facilities reserved for making beer, did not emerge until monasteries and other Christian institutions started producing beer not only for their own consumption but also to use as payment. This industrialization of brewing shifted the responsibility of making beer to men.

The oldest, still functional, brewery in the world is believed to be the German state-owned Weihenstephan brewery in the city of Freising, Bavaria. It can trace its history back to AD.[8] The nearby Weltenburg Abbey brewery, can trace back its beer-brewing tradition to at least AD.[9]:&#;30&#; The Žatec brewery in the Czech Republic claims it can prove that it paid a beer tax in AD.[citation needed]

Early breweries were almost always built on multiple stories, with equipment on higher floors used earlier in the production process, so that gravity could assist with the transfer of product from one stage to the next. This layout often is preserved in breweries today, but mechanical pumps allow more flexibility in brewery design. Early breweries typically used large copper vats in the brewhouse, and fermentation and packaging took place in lined wooden containers. Such breweries were common until the Industrial Revolution, when better materials became available, and scientific advances led to a better understanding of the brewing process. Today, almost all brewery equipment is made of stainless steel. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, and domestic manufacture ceased to be significant by the end of the 19th century.[10]

Major technological advances

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A 16th-century brewery

A handful of major breakthroughs have led to the modern brewery and its ability to produce the same beer consistently. The steam engine, vastly improved in by James Watt, brought automatic stirring mechanisms and pumps into the brewery. It gave brewers the ability to mix liquids more reliably while heating, particularly the mash, to prevent scorching, and a quick way to transfer liquid from one container to another. Almost all breweries now use electric-powered stirring mechanisms and pumps. The steam engine also allowed the brewer to make greater quantities of beer, as human power was no longer a limiting factor in moving and stirring.

Carl von Linde, along with others, is credited with developing the refrigeration machine in . Refrigeration allowed beer to be produced year-round, and always at the same temperature. Yeast is very sensitive to temperature, and, if a beer were produced during summer, the yeast would impart unpleasant flavours onto the beer. Most brewers would produce enough beer during winter to last through the summer, and store it in underground cellars, or even caves, to protect it from summer's heat.

The discovery of microbes by Louis Pasteur was instrumental in the control of fermentation. The idea that yeast was a microorganism that worked on wort to produce beer led to the isolation of a single yeast cell by Emil Christian Hansen. Pure yeast cultures allow brewers to pick out yeasts for their fermentation characteristics, including flavor profiles and fermentation ability. Some breweries in Belgium, however, still rely on "spontaneous" fermentation for their beers (see lambic). The development of hydrometers and thermometers changed brewing by allowing the brewer more control of the process, and greater knowledge of the results.

The modern brewery

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Brewery in Hurbanovo, Slovakia

Breweries today are made predominantly of stainless steel, although vessels often have a decorative copper cladding for a nostalgic look. Stainless steel has many favourable characteristics that make it a well-suited material for brewing equipment. It imparts no flavour in beer, it reacts with very few chemicals, which means almost any cleaning solution can be used on it (concentrated chlorine [bleach] being a notable exception).

Heating in the brewhouse usually is achieved through pressurized steam, although direct-fire systems are not unusual in small breweries. Likewise, cooling in other areas of the brewery is typically done by cooling jackets on tanks, which allow the brewer to control precisely the temperature on each tank individually, although whole-room cooling is also common.

Today, modern brewing plants perform myriad analyses on their beers for quality control purposes. Shipments of ingredients are analyzed to correct for variations. Samples are pulled at almost every step and tested for [oxygen] content, unwanted microbial infections, and other beer-aging compounds. A representative sample of the finished product often is stored for months for comparison, when complaints are received.

Brewing process

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Brewing is typically divided into 9 steps: milling, malting, mashing, lautering, boiling, fermenting, conditioning, filtering, and filling.

Mashing is the process of mixing milled, usually malted, grain with water, and heating it with rests at certain temperatures to allow enzymes in the malt to break down the starches in the grain into sugars, especially maltose. Lautering is the separation of the extracts won during mashing from the spent grain to create wort. It is achieved in either a lauter tun, a wide vessel with a false bottom, or a mash filter, a plate-and-frame filter designed for this kind of separation. Lautering has two stages: first wort run-off, during which the extract is separated in an undiluted state from the spent grains, and sparging, in which extract that remains with the grains is rinsed off with hot water.

Boiling the wort ensures its sterility, helping to prevent contamination with undesirable microbes. During the boil, hops are added, which contribute aroma and flavour compounds to the beer, especially their characteristic bitterness. Along with the heat of the boil, they cause proteins in the wort to coagulate and the pH of the wort to fall, and they inhibit the later growth of certain bacteria. Finally, the vapours produced during the boil volatilize off-flavours, including dimethyl sulfide precursors. The boil must be conducted so that it is even and intense. The boil lasts between 60 and 120 minutes, depending on its intensity, the hop addition schedule, and volume of wort the brewer expects to evaporate.

Fermenting

Royal Brewery in Manchester, UK, with steel fermentation vessels Fermenting process

Fermentation begins as soon as yeast is added to the cooled wort. This is also the point at which the product is first called beer. It is during this stage that fermentable sugars won from the malt (maltose, maltotriose, glucose, fructose and sucrose) are metabolized into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Fermentation tanks come in many shapes and sizes, from enormous cylindroconical vessels that can look like storage silos, to 20-litre (5 US gal) glass carboys used by homebrewers. Most breweries today use cylindroconical vessels (CCVs), which have a conical bottom and a cylindrical top. The cone's aperture is typically around 70°, an angle that will allow the yeast to flow smoothly out through the cone's apex at the end of fermentation, but is not so steep as to take up too much vertical space. CCVs can handle both fermenting and conditioning in the same tank. At the end of fermentation, the yeast and other solids have fallen to the cone's apex can be simply flushed out through a port at the apex. Open fermentation vessels are also used, often for show in brewpubs, and in Europe in wheat beer fermentation. These vessels have no tops, making it easy to harvest top-fermenting yeasts. The open tops of the vessels increase the risk of contamination, but proper cleaning procedures help to control the risk.

Fermentation tanks are typically made of stainless steel. Simple cylindrical tanks with beveled ends are arranged vertically, and conditioning tanks are usually laid out horizontally. A very few breweries still use wooden vats for fermentation but wood is difficult to keep clean and infection-free and must be repitched often, perhaps yearly. After high kräusen, the point at which fermentation is most active and copious foam is produced, a valve known in German as the spundapparat may be put on the tanks to allow the carbon dioxide produced by the yeast to naturally carbonate the beer. This bung device can regulate the pressure to produce different types of beer; greater pressure produces a more carbonated beer.

Conditioning

When the sugars in the fermenting beer have been almost completely digested, the fermentation process slows and the yeast cells begin to die and settle at the bottom of the tank. At this stage, especially if the beer is cooled to around freezing, most of the remaining live yeast cells will quickly become dormant and settle, along with the heavier protein chains, due simply to gravity and molecular dehydration. Conditioning can occur in fermentation tanks with cooling jackets. If the whole fermentation cellar is cooled, conditioning must be done in separate tanks in a separate cellar. Some beers are conditioned only lightly, or not at all. An active yeast culture from an ongoing batch may be added to the next boil after a slight chilling in order to produce fresh and highly palatable beer in mass quantity.

Filling line, Radegast Brewery in Nošovice, Czech Republic

Filtering

Filtering the beer stabilizes flavour and gives it a polished, shiny look. It is an optional process. Many craft brewers simply remove the coagulated and settled solids and forgo active filtration. In localities where a tax assessment is collected by government pursuant to local laws, any additional filtration may be done using an active filtering system, the filtered product finally passing into a calibrated vessel for measurement just after any cold conditioning and prior to final packaging where the beer is put into the containers for shipment or sale. The container may be a bottle, can, of keg, cask or bulk tank.

Filters come in many types. Many use pre-made filtration media such as sheets or candles. Kieselguhr, a fine powder of diatomaceous earth, can be introduced into the beer and circulated through screens to form a filtration bed. Filtration ratings are divided into rough, fine, and sterile. Rough filters remove yeasts and other solids, leaving some cloudiness, while finer filters can remove body and color. Sterile filters remove almost all microorganisms.

Brewing companies

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Brewing companies range widely in the volume and variety of beer produced, ranging from small breweries to massive multinational conglomerates, like Molson Coors or Anheuser-Busch InBev, that produce hundreds of millions of barrels annually. There are organizations that assist the development of brewing, such as the Siebel Institute of Technology in the United States and the Institute of Brewing and Distilling in the UK. In the four largest brewing companies (Anheuser-Busch InBev, SABMiller, Heineken International, and Carlsberg Group) controlled 50% of the market[11] The biggest brewery in the world is the Belgian company Anheuser-Busch InBev.

In the United States, there were 69,359 people employed in breweries in . This is up from 27,805 in .[12]

Some commonly used descriptions of breweries are:

• Microbrewery &#; A name used since the s for a small, often independently owned brewery. In the 21st century the largely synonymous term craft brewery is also used.
• Brewpub &#; A brewery whose beer is brewed primarily on the same site from which it is sold to the public, such as a pub or restaurant. In the United States, if the amount of beer that a brewpub distributes off-site exceeds 75% it may also be described as a craft or microbrewery.
• Farm brewery &#; A farm brewery, or farmhouse brewery, is a brewery that primarily brews its beer on a farm. Crops and other ingredients grown on the farm, such as barley, wheat, rye, hops, herbs, spices, and fruits are used in the beers brewed. A farmhouse brewery is similar in concept to a vineyard growing grapes to make wine at the vineyard.

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• Regional brewery &#; An established term for a brewery that supplies beer in a fixed geographical location.
• Macrobrewery or Megabrewery &#; Terms for a brewery, too large or economically diversified to be a microbrewery, which sometimes carry a negative connotation.

Contract brewing

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Contract brewing &#;When one brewery hires another brewery to produce its beer. The contracting brewer generally handles all of the beer's marketing, sales, and distribution, while leaving the brewing and packaging to the producer-brewery (which confusingly may also be referred to as a contract brewer). Often the contract brewing is performed when a small brewery can not supply enough beer to meet demands and contracts with a larger brewery to help alleviate their supply issues. Some breweries do not own a brewing facility, these contract brewers have been criticized by traditional brewing companies for avoiding the costs associated with a physical brewery.[14]

Gypsy brewing

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Gypsy, or nomad, brewing usually falls under the category of contract brewing. Gypsy breweries generally do not have their own equipment or premises. They operate on a temporary or itinerant basis out of the facilities of another brewery, generally making "one-off" special occasion beers.[15] The trend of gypsy brewing spread early in Scandinavia.[16] Their beers and collaborations later spread to America and Australia.[17] Gypsy brewers typically use facilities of larger makers with excess capacity.[17]

Prominent examples include Pretty Things, Stillwater Artisanal Ales, Gunbarrel Brewing Company, Mikkeller, and Evil Twin.[18][19] For example, one of Mikkeller's founders, Mikkel Borg Bjergsø, has traveled around the world between and , brewing more than 200 different beers at other breweries.[20]

Breweries and football have had a symbiotic relationship since the very beginnings of the game. The English Football League was founded in , and by the next decade several teams already had their own brewery sponsor. In return for their financial support, the breweries were given concessions to sell beer to spectators and advertise their products in stadiums. The most outwardly visible sign of sponsorship are the adverts printed on football team's kit. For example, Liverpool F.C. had the logo of the Denmark-based Carlsberg brewery group on the front of its shirts for nearly twenty years, from to .

Nowadays major brewing corporations are involved in sponsorship on a number of different levels. The prevailing trend is for the leading brand not to be linked to individual teams; rather, they achieve visibility as sponsor of tournaments and leagues, so all fans can engage with them regardless of which team they support. Heineken sponsors the UEFA Champions League with its namesake lager; Carlsberg sponsors the English Premier League as well as the and UEFA European Championships. Meanwhile, the AB InBev Group supports the FA Cup and the FIFA World Cup.[21]

Head brewer/brewmaster

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The head brewer (UK) or brewmaster (US) is in charge of the production of beer. The major breweries employ engineers with a chemistry/biotechnology background.

Brewmasters may have had a formal education in the subject from institutions such as the Siebel Institute of Technology, VLB Berlin, Heriot-Watt University, American Brewers Guild,[22] University of California at Davis, University of Wisconsin,[22] Olds College[23] or Niagara College.[24] They may hold membership in professional organisations such as the Brewers Association, Master Brewers Association, American Society of Brewing Chemists, the Institute of Brewing and Distilling,[25] and the Society of Independent Brewers. Depending on a brewery's size, a brewer may need anywhere from five to fifteen years of professional experience before becoming a brewmaster.[22]

See also

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References

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Further reading

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La Brasserie Labatt Limitée, Anheuser-Busch InBev ainsi que nos filiales et sociétés affiliées, qui incluent diverses marques (« nous », « nos » ou « notre ») souhaitons que vous puissiez avoir la meilleure expérience possible lorsque vous interagirez avec nous en ligne.

Ces Conditions généraes d&#;utilisation décrivent les conditions générales qui régissent votre utilisation de notre Plateforme.

En plus des Conditions générales d&#;utilisation, la Politique sur la protection des renseignements personnels a pour but de vous aider à bien comprendre la manière dont nous recueillons, utilisons, traitons, transférons, divulguons et protégeons les renseignements que vous nous fournissez lorsque vous utilisez notre Plateforme. Il est important de lire et de comprendre les Conditions générales d&#;utilisation ainsi que la Politique sur la protection des renseignements personnels puisqu&#;ils établissent un contrat entre vous et nous.

CONSENTEMENT

EN UTILISANT NOTRE PLATEFORME, VOUS CONSENTEZ À ÊTRE LÉGALEMENT LIÉ TANT PAR LES CONDITIONS GÉNÉRALES D&#;UTILISATION QUE PAR LA POLITIQUE SUR LA PROTECTION DES RENSEIGNEMENTS PERSONNELS. SI VOUS ÊTES EN DÉSACCORD AVEC LES CONDITIONS GÉNÉRALES

D&#;UTILISATION OU LA POLITIQUE SUR LA PROTECTION DES RENSEIGNEMENTS PERSONNELS, VEUILLEZ NE PAS UTILISER NOTRE APPLICATION OU NOTRE SITE WEB NI NOUS FOURNIR DES RENSEIGNEMENTS.

En cliquant sur la case « Je reconnais avoir lu et accepte les conditions générales d&#;utilisation », dans l&#;Plateforme, vous fournissez votre signature numérique et vous acceptez les termes des Conditions générales d&#;utilisation et de la Politique sur la

protection des renseignements personnels en plus de confirmer que vous avez atteint l&#;âge légal de consommer des boissons alcoolisées.

Avis pour âge légal de consommation

L&#;Plateforme sont destinés exclusivement à ceux qui ont atteint l&#;âge légal de consommer des boissons alcoolisées dans leur pays, province ou État. Vous nous assurez que vous avez atteint l&#;âge légal de consommer des boissons alcoolisées et que vous résidez dans un pays, une province ou un État où il est permis de consommer des boissons alcoolisées et d&#;accéder à l&#;Plateforme.

L&#;admissibilité aux concours, aux promotions et autres activités offertes sur l&#;Plateforme peut être réservée aux résidants de la province de l&#;Ontario (Canada) ayant l&#;âge légal de consommer des boissons alcoolisées (19 ans et plus) et aux résidants des autres provinces du Canada. Si vous accédez à ce site Web depuis les États-Unis, vous nous assurez que vous avez 21 ans ou plus.

Confirmation que vous avez l&#;âge légal pour utiliser cette application ou le site Web.

L&#;utilisation de l&#;Plateforme peut être inaccessible ou interdite dans certains endroits et ne constitue qu&#;une « offre » ou « sollicitation » dans les endroits permis, et seulement dans les limites permises par la loi. L&#;Plateforme ne peut, d&#;aucune façon, être utilisé aux endroits où il est interdit de le faire. Vous consentez et confirmez que votre utilisation de l&#;Plateforme est conforme, à tous les égards, aux lois du territoire auxquelles vous êtes assujetti.

Révisions apporter aux Conditions générales d&#;utilisation

NOUS NOUS RÉSERVONS LE DROIT DE REVOIR, EN TOUT TEMPS, LES TERMES DES MODALITÉS DE CE CONTRAT QUANT À VOTRE UTILISATION PRÉSENTE ET FUTURE DE CETTE L&#;PLATEFORME SANS PRÉAVIS ET PEU IMPORTE LA

RAISON. IL EST DE VOTRE ENTIÈRE RESPONSABILITÉ D&#;ACCEPTER DE VOUS CONFORMER, EN TOUT TEMPS, AUX CONDITIONS GÉNÉRALES D&#;UTILISATION AFFICHÉES. SI VOUS N&#;ACCEPTEZ PAS OU VOUS NE COMPTEZ PAS

RESPECTER LES CONDITIONS GÉNÉRALES D&#;UTILISATION QUI SONT AFFICHÉES, VOTRE SEUL RECOURS EST DE CESSER IMMÉDIATEMENT TOUTE UTILISATION DE CETTE PLATEFORME.

L&#;utilisation de l&#;Plateforme est à vos propres risques

Vous reconnaissez et acceptez que l&#;utilisation de cette Plateforme est à vos propres risques. Ceci dit, vous acceptez que nous, ses propriétaires, cadres, administrateurs et employés, ou tout tiers participant à la création, production et diffusion de cette Plateforme ne puissions être tenus responsables de quelque dommage que ce soit pouvant découler de l&#;utilisation associée à cette Plateforme. Ceci inclut les dommages directs, accessoires, corrélatifs, indirects ou particuliers ou toutes pertes, frais ou dépenses (y compris les frais juridiques, d&#;expertise ou autres) pouvant survenir. Vous

reconnaissez et acceptez que nous ne puissions être tenus pour responsable nonobstant que ces pertes ou dommages résultent d&#;un contrat, délit, négligence, règlement par la loi ou autrement. Vous consentez que nous ne puissions être tenus pour responsable de quelque dommage que ce soit se rapportant à l&#;accès, à l&#;utilisation ou à la consultation de cette Plateforme, ou lié au contenu, renseignements, données, promotions ou aux activités associées à cette Plateforme ou en rapport avec le téléchargement de tout document, texte, donnée, image, vidéo ou audio de cette Plateforme. Vous acceptez aussi que nous ne puissions être tenus pour responsable pour tout dommage causé par un défaut de transmission; un virus; une violation, une perte ou un vol de données; une non-intervention humaine; une défectuosité de ligne téléphonique, de matériel, de logiciel ou de programme ou toute autre erreur, panne ou retard de tout genre. Droits d&#;auteur ou autres droits de propriété intellectuelle nous appartenant

Nous détenons les droits d&#;auteur et tous autres droits de propriété intellectuelle de cette Plateforme. Aucune partie de l&#;Plateforme incluant, mais sans s&#;y limiter, le contenu, les renseignements, le texte, les images, le matériel audio ou vidéo ne peuvent être utilisé d&#;aucune manière ou pour toute raison sans notre autorisation écrite préalable.

Sans renoncer aucunement aux droits qui précèdent, vous pouvez télécharger une copie du matériel de cette Plateforme à des fins uniquement personnelles et non commerciales, à condition que vous ne supprimiez, n&#;obstruiez ni ne modifiez aucun droit d&#;auteur, aucune marque de commerce ou aucun autre avis de propriété.

Vous possédez également la capacité limitée de partager les contenus par

l&#;intermédiaire d&#;une plateforme de média social liée à Plateforme où de telles fonctionnalités dans l&#;Plateforme sont créés par nous (bouton « partager ») ce qui ne diminue en aucun cas nos droits d&#;auteur et autres droits de propriété intellectuelle de l&#;Plateforme ou n&#;exerce un effet sur les limites générales de votre utilisation de

l&#;Plateforme.

Vous acceptez par la présente que toute modification, rediffusion ou utilisation de tout contenu de l&#;Plateforme, de quelque manière que ce soit ou pour toute raison que ce soit, représente une violation de nos droits de propriété intellectuelle et juridiques.

Nom, logos et marques de commerce

Vous reconnaissez et acceptez que les noms, logos, marques de commerce ou marques de service qui se trouvent sur cette Plateforme sont notre propriété ou sont utilisés sous licence par nous (ou par une société mère ou affiliée, ou par un de nos partenaires) et que vous ne pouvez pas les utiliser sans autorisation écrite préalable. Nous ferons valoir nos droits de propriété intellectuelle et veillerons à ce que la loi leur soit pleinement appliquée. Toute utilisation non autorisée, partielle ou totale, de notre propriété intellectuelle vous rend passible d&#;une amende ou de dommages-intérêts, y

compris, mais sans s&#;y limiter, ceux qui sont reliés au non-respect des marques de commerce et à la violation des droits d&#;auteur, du droit à l&#;image et du droit à la vie privée.

Internet : pas un moyen de communication sûr

Internet n&#;est pas parfaitement sécuritaire, ainsi vos communications ou vos visites sur cette Plateforme ne peuvent être garanties. Vos communications ou renseignements peuvent être corrompus, accédés sans autorisation, fraudés, détournés, volés, perdus, interceptés ou retardés. L&#;information contenue dans cette Plateforme peut comporter des lacunes, des imprécisions ou des coquilles. Nous pouvons apporter des révisions à l&#;information ou des changements au contenu de l&#;Plateforme à tout moment et sans préavis.

Vous reconnaissez et acceptez que vos communications ou toutes les données transmises dans l&#;Plateforme, peu importe la manière ou la fin, ne seront pas considérées confidentielles et exclusives. De plus, vous reconnaissez et acceptez que les communications, données, idées, concepts, techniques, procédures, méthodes, systèmes, plans, graphiques et autres documents que vous transmettrez à cette

Plateforme peuvent être utilisés par nous, peu importe l&#;endroit, le moment ou la raison.

Restriction de votre accès à cette Plateforme.

Votre compte

Pour accéder et utiliser notre Plateforme, vous devrez peut-être créer un compte. Vous êtes responsable du maintien de l&#;exactitude des informations de compte, la confidentialité de votre compte et de votre mot de passe et de la restriction de l&#;accès à votre ordinateur, et vous acceptez d&#;accepter la responsabilité de toutes les activités qui se produisent sous votre compte ou votre mot de passe. Nous nous réservons le droit, à sa seule discrétion, de refuser le service, de clôturer des comptes, de supprimer ou de modifier du contenu ou d&#;annuler des commandes.

Vous acceptez que nous nous réservions le droit d&#;empêcher, d&#;intercepter, de supprimer, de retirer, d&#;interdire ou de simplement restreindre votre accès à

l&#;Plateforme, votre utilisation ou votre capacité d&#;afficher du contenu sur ceux-ci si nous croyons ou déterminons vous vous n&#;êtes pass entièrement conformé ou que vous ne pourrez pas entièrement vous conformer aux Conditions générales d&#;utilisation ou à la Politique sur la protection des renseignements personnels.

Comportement illicite

Vous acceptez et confirmez qu&#;il est interdit d&#;utiliser cette Plateforme pour effectuer quoi que ce soit qui pourrait nuire ou qui serait illégal y compris, mais sans s&#;y limiter, communiquer ou transmettre tout matériel harcelant, haineux, pornographique, obscène, amoral, diffamatoire et menaçant ou qui pourrait constituer un comportement

considéré criminel ou inciter quelqu&#;un à un comportement, donner lieu à des poursuites, promouvoir la consommation excessive et irresponsable d&#;alcool ou la consommation d&#;alcool par des mineurs ou violer une loi ou un règlement.

Si cette application ou ce site Web contient du contenu intégré de médias sociaux, des fils de nouvelles, des bulletins électroniques, des forums, des courriels, des sections de commentaires ou tout autre dispositif de messagerie ou de communication (collectivement, les « forums »), vous acceptez de les utiliser seulement pour envoyer ou recevoir des messages et du matériel qui ne contreviennent pas à ces interdictions :

&#;Commettre toute infraction criminelle ou quasi criminelle, comprenant, sans s&#;y limiter, la pornographie, la haine, les voies de fait ou les crimes économiques;

&#;Diffamer, abuser, harceler, traquer, menacer toute personne ou en violer les droits légaux;

&#;Publier, afficher, distribuer ou diffuser tout matériel diffamatoire, obscène, indécent ou contrefait;

&#;Enfreindre, transgresser ou entraver les droits de toute personne, comprenant, sans s&#;y limiter, tout droit contractuel, de personnalité, de confidentialité, de vie privée et moraleaccordé par la loi ou le droit communou tout droit de propriété intellectuelle;

&#;Télécharger des fichiers contenant des virus, des fichiers corrompus ou tout logiciel ou programme similaire pouvant endommager le fonctionnement de l&#;ordinateur ou d&#;un appareil mobile d&#;un autre utilisateur;

&#;Effacer tout droit d&#;auteur, marque de commerce, nom commercial, logo, avis légal, marque de propriété ou étiquette dans les fichiers téléchargés sur le site;

&#;Falsifier l&#;origine ou la source d&#;un logiciel, de renseignements ou de tout autre matériel;

&#;Annoncer ou offrir de vendre des produits ou services, effectuer ou acheminer tout sondage, concours ou chaîne de lettres; et

&#;Télécharger tout fichier affiché par un autre utilisateur que vous connaissez d&#;un forum (ou que devriez raisonnablement connaître) qu&#;il ne peut pas être distribué légalement de cette façon.

Vous reconnaissez et acceptez le fait que tous les forums constituent des moyens de communication publics. Vous reconnaissez également que les forums, les commentaires, les affichages, les conférences, les médias sociaux intégrés et les autres formes de communication d&#;autres utilisateurs ne sont pas surveillés,

sanctionnés ou endossés par nous, et que ces communications ne doivent pas être considérées comme l&#;étant par nous.

NOUS OU TOUT TIERS PARTICIPANT À LA CRÉATION, À LA PRODUCTION ET À LA DIFFUSION DE CETTE APPLICATION / SITE WEB NE POURRONS ÊTRE TENUS RESPONSABLES DE QUELQUE DOMMAGE QUE CE SOIT POUVANT DÉCOULER DE TOUTES LES AUTRES ACTIVITÉS SUSMENTIONNÉES EFFECTUÉES PAR D&#;AUTRES UTILISATEURS.

Hyperliens

Bien que cette application ou ce site Web soit relié à d&#;autres sites, nous ne prétendons, directement ou indirectement, à aucune approbation, association, parrainage ou affiliation à ces liens, à moins d&#;avis contraire dans la présente. Vous reconnaissez et acceptez que nous n&#;avons pas revu tous les sites reliés et que nous ne sommes pas responsables du contenu des autres sites non hébergés par nous.

Votre lien à d&#;autres sites se fera à votre discrétion et à vos propres risques.

Aucune garantie sur le contenu, les données et les documents

LES LOIS DE CERTAINES JURIDICTIONS (QUI PEUVENT INCLURE LA PROVINCE DE QUÉBEC) NE PERMETTENT PAS L&#;EXCLUSION OU LA LIMITATION DES GARANTIES, CONDITIONS OU REPRÉSENTATIONS LÉGALES. SI CES LOIS S&#;APPLIQUENT À VOUS, CERTAINES OU TOUTES LES EXCLUSIONS OU LIMITATIONS CI-DESSOUS PEUVENT NE PAS S&#;APPLIQUER À VOUS, ET VOUS POUVEZ AVOIR DES DROITS SUPPLÉMENTAIRES.

Même si le contenu fourni dans l&#;Plateforme provient de sources relativement récentes, et bien que nous nous assurions de la validité de l&#;information, nous ne pouvons garantir l&#;exactitude de ces données.

Quelques informations contenues dans l&#;Plateforme ont été demandées par nous à des tiers sans toutefois effectuer aucune confirmation, vérification, évaluation, ni validation de ces informations. Vous avez la responsabilité absolue et exclusive d&#;évaluer toute

l&#;information par vous-même. Les renseignements contenus dans cette Plateforme ne constituent pas et ne doivent pas être considérés comme faisant état d&#;avis, de recommandation ou d&#;endossement de notre part.

LES RENSEIGNEMENTS ET DOCUMENTS CONTENUS DANS CETTE PLATEFORME SONT PRÉSENTÉS « TELS QUELS » AUX CONSOMMATEURS UNIQUEMENT À DES FINS PERSONNELLES ET NON COMMERCIALES. TOUTES LES CONDITIONS, REPRÉSENTATIONS ET GARANTIES EXPLICITES OU IMPLICITES, COMPRENANT TOUTE GARANTIE IMPLICITE DE QUALITÉ MARCHANDE, APTITUDE À UNE FIN PARTICULIÈRE, EXACTITUDE,

INTÉGRALITÉ, AUTHENTICITÉ, VALIDITÉ OU ABSENCE DE CONTREFAÇON, NE SONT PAS ADMISES ET SONT EXPRESSÉMENT REJETÉES ET NIÉES, À MOINS QUE CE TYPE DE NÉGATION SOIT INVALIDÉ PAR UN TRIBUNAL COMPÉTENT.

Exclusions et limites de responsabilité

LES LOIS DE CERTAINES JURIDICTIONS (QUI PEUVENT INCLURE LA PROVINCE DE QUÉBEC) NE PERMETTENT PAS L&#;EXCLUSION OU LA LIMITATION DES GARANTIES, CONDITIONS OU REPRÉSENTATIONS LÉGALES. SI CES LOIS S&#;APPLIQUENT À VOUS, CERTAINES OU TOUTES LES EXCLUSIONS OU LIMITATIONS CI-DESSOUS PEUVENT NE PAS S&#;APPLIQUER À VOUS, ET VOUS POUVEZ AVOIR DES DROITS SUPPLÉMENTAIRES.

Vous acceptez que nous ne puissions être tenus pour responsables d&#;une information erronée ou inexacte, qu&#;elle soit attribuable aux utilisateurs du site, à l&#;équipement ou à la programmation de l&#;Plateforme ou en raison de n&#;importe quelle erreur technique ou humaine pouvant survenir. Vous acceptez de ne pas nous tenir responsables pour toute incidence possible en raison des circonstances décrites précédemment sur votre participation lors de concours ou de promotions sur l&#;Plateforme.

Vous acceptez que nous ne puissions être tenus responsables pour toutes difficultés ou mauvais fonctionnement des lignes ou réseaux téléphoniques, des connexions sans fil, des services mobiles ou dans les nuages, des systèmes informatiques en ligne, des serveurs et fournisseurs de service Internet, de l&#;équipement informatique, des logiciels ou du mauvais fonctionnement du courrier électronique ainsi que de tout problème technique ou toute combinaison de ces facteurs.

Si, pour une certaine raison, cette Plateforme ne peut fonctionner comme prévu, en raison d&#;un virus informatique, d&#;un bogue, d&#;une altération, d&#;une intervention non autorisée, de fraude, de panne technique ou de toute autre raison et que la gestion, la sécurité, la justesse, l&#;intégrité ou le bon fonctionnement de l&#;application ou du site Web en sont affectés et altérés, nous nous réservons le droit d&#;annuler, de supprimer, de modifier ou de suspendre les services offerts par l&#;application ou le site Web pour une période indéterminée ou prendrons toutes les mesures nécessaires pour défendre nos intérêts.

Renonciation et indemnisation de réclamations

VOUS ACCEPTEZ DE RENONCER, DE NOUS INDEMNISER ET DE NOUS DÉGAGER DE TOUTE RESPONSABILITÉ (NOUS ET NOS SOCIÉTÉS MÈRES, LES SOCIÉTÉS MEMBRES DE NOTRE GROUPE, LES FILIALES, LES ADMINISTRATEURS, LES COMMANDITAIRES, LES CADRES, LES CONSEILLERS, LES AGENTS, LES PARTENAIRES ET LES EMPLOYÉS) QUANT AUX CRÉANCES, DOMMAGES OU FRAIS REVENDIQUÉS PAR VOUS OU PAR DES TIERS

ALLÉGUANT UN CONTENU OBSCÈNE OU DIFFAMATOIRE DANS L&#;APPLICATION OU SUR LE SITE WEB, SON NON-RESPECT DE LA PROPRIÉTÉ INTELLECTUELLE OU DU DROIT À LA VIE PRIVÉE RÉSULTANT DE VOTRE UTILISATION OU VOTRE ABUS, OU DE CELLE D&#;UN TIERS, DE L&#;APPLICATION/ SITE WEB.

VOUS ACCEPTEZ ÉGALEMENT DE NE PAS INTENTIONNELLEMENT CAUSER

L&#;INTERRUPTION DES SERVICES DE L&#;PLATEFORME OU D&#;Y NUIRE, DE NE PAS EMPÊCHER D&#;AUTRES PERSONNES DE LES UTILISER ET DE NE PAS OBTENIR DES INFORMATIONS CONCERNANT LE COMPTE D&#;UN AUTRE UTILISATEUR OU D&#;EN MODIFIER LE CONTENU SANS SON CONSENTEMENT.

AU CAS OU UNE RÉCLAMATION SERAIT PORTÉE CONTRE NOUS EN RAISON D&#;ALLÉGATIONS FORMULÉES PAR VOUS, VOUS ACCEPTEZ DE NOUS INDEMNISER POUR TOUS FRAIS AFFÉRENTS, SENTENCES, PÉNALITÉS OU DOMMAGES RÉSULTANT DE CETTE RÉCLAMATION

Loi applicable, juridiction et règlement des différends

SAUF DANS LES CAS INTERDITS PAR LA LOI APPLICABLE (QUI PEUT INCLURE LA PROVINCE DE QUÉBEC),

vous reconnaissez et acceptez que cette application/ site Web (y compris les transactions, les concours, les promotions ou les services offerts ou effectuer sur l&#;application/ site Web) et les clauses contractuelles sont établis et interprétés en vertu de la loi de la province de l&#;Ontario et les lois fédérales du Canada applicables à cet égard. Vous consentez et confirmez, par la présente, que votre utilisation de cette application et de ce site Web, ainsi que les communications, les transmissions et transactions associées, s&#;effectueront dans la province de l&#;Ontario (Canada).

Vous vous soumettez, par la présente, à la compétence exclusive des tribunaux de cette province en tant que forum le plus adéquat et convenable pour tout litige découlant de votre utilisation de cette application ou de ce site.

Vous reconnaissez que toute procédure entamée en raison de votre utilisation de cette application/ site Web devra être intentée dans la ville de Toronto dans la province de l&#;Ontario peu importe où vous vivez et peu importe les principes de conflits de lois applicables. Si vous utilisez ce site à partir d&#;un autre territoire, vous devez respecter toutes les lois régionales applicables.

Langue

L&#;anglais est la langue dans laquelle l&#;application et le site Web seront offerts ainsi que la langue dans laquelle toutes les transactions s&#;y effectueront. Vous renoncez à tout

droit d&#;utiliser ou de demander toute autre langue ou toute traduction. Il est de la volonté expresse des parties que la présente application ou le présent site Web, et tout ce qui s&#;y rapporte, soient rédigés en langue anglaise, exception faite des documents pour lesquels la loi exige l&#;usage exclusif du français.

Divers

Vous acceptez à ce que si une partie des Conditions générales d&#;utilisation est déclarée invalide ou inexécutoire, la disposition alors invalide ou inexécutoire sera réputée remplacée par une disposition valide et exécutoire qui reprend autant que possible

l&#;intention de la disposition originale, et les autres dispositions des conditions générales d&#;utilisation continueront de produire leurs pleins effets.

Dernière mise à jour : mars

Droit d&#;auteur . Tous droits réservés.

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